For Duns Scotus, man's will is rational by nature and does not derive such an essential characteristic from the intellect. Just as a thing cannot be separated from its own nature, so will and rationality are inseparable. Since no true rationality is possible without freedom, and since freedom is the proper characteristic of the volitive activity--knowledge in itself is not free, for it is necessarily determined by the object-it logically follows that the highest degree of human perfection lies in the will rather than in the intellect. — Bettoni commentary on scotus